EduNotes

 OLYMPIC GAMES The Olympic Games originated in Ancient  Greece. The first games were held in 776 BC in Olympia. The Ancient Olympic Games were always held at Olympia. A great statue of Zeus, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world was erected in Olympia to preside over the Games. The games were banned by The Roman Emperor Theodosius in AD 394. The games were revived by the French nobleman Baron Pierre de Coubertin who is regarded as the Father of Modern Olympics. The first modern Olympics were held in 1896 at Athens (Greece). 'Play the game in the spirit of the game' was the message of Baron Pierre de Coubertin. The International Olympic Committee(IOC) has since become the governing body of the Olympic Movement, whose structure and actions are defined by the Olympic Charter. The Olympic Charter is a set of rules and guidelines for the organization of the Olympic Games, and for governing the Olympic Movement. Olympic flag which is white colour was created by Pierre De Cou...

  KURIAKOSE ELIAS CHAVARA The Blessed Kuriakose Elias Chavara, was the co-founder and first Prior General of the first congregation for men in the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, now known as the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate, and of a similar one for women, the Sisters of the Mother of Carmel. He was also a social reformer, an educationist and had played a major and significant role in educating women and people of lower sections of society.  He first introduced the system called "A school along with every church" which was successful in making education and knowledge available for everyone for free. Thus schools in Kerala are also called 'Pallikudam' ('palli' means church). Chavara was beautified, along with Saint Alphonsa, on February 8, 1986, by Pope John Paul II, the course of a papal visit to India. His memorial is celebrated on January 3.

  VAKKOM MOULAVI Vakkom Muhammed Abdul Khadir Moulavi, popularly known as Vakkom Moulavi was a social reformer, teacher, prolific writer, Muslim scholar, journalist, freedom fighter and newspaper proprietor in Travancore, a princely state of the present day Kerala, India. He was the founder and publisher of the newspaper Swadeshabhimani which was banned and confiscated by the Government of Travancore in 1910 due to its criticisms against the government and the Diwan of Travancore, P.Rajagopalachari.

  Dr.PALPU Padmanabhan Palpu was a bacteriologist and Social revolutionary. Dr.Palpu was a relentless fighter for the cause of the Ezhavas in Kerala. He wrote many articles in english newspapers published from India highlighting the degrading customs in Kerala that made the condition of the Ezhavas miserable. He formed the 'Greater Ezhava Association'. the first meeting held at Thiruvananthapuram, decided to submit a mass petition to the government signed by ten thousand Ezhavas demanding the abolition of the discrimination against them. Dr.Palpu himself took the initiative to get the signatures, and on 1896 September 3rd the petition, the historically famous 'Ezhava Memorial', signed by 13176 people was submitted to the Government.

  V.T BHATTATHIRIPAD V.T Bhattathiripad (1896-1982) was an Indian social critic, well-known dramatist and a prominent freedom fighter. He encouraged widow marriage in the Brahmin society and tried to reform the conservative practices of the "Namboodiri community n particular and the society at large." He conducted the first mixed-race marriage in the Brahmin society. He is credited with starting the progressive theater movement of Kerala during which 'the stage and performance became a highly conscious social activity in the hands of social reformers and political activists'. His drama Adukkalayilninnum Arangathekku was a turning point in this context.

  MANNATHU PADMANABHAN Mannathu Padmanabhan (January 2, 1878-February 25, 1970) was a social reformer and a freedom fighter from the State of Kerala, India. He is recognized as the founder of the Nair Service Society. Padmanabhan is considered as a visionary reformer who organized the Nair community under the NSS. He fought for social equality, the first phase of being the Vaikom Satyagraha, demanding the public roads near the temple at Vaikom be opened to low caste Hindus. In 1924 he took part in the Vaikom and Guruvayoor temple-entry and anti-untouchability agitation. In 1949 Padmanabhan became a member of the Travancore Legislative Assembly. He was honored with the title Bharata Kesari by the President of India. He also received Padma Bhushan in 1966

  PANDIT KARUPPAN Pandit Karuppan was a poet, dramatist, and social reformer who lived in Kerala, India. He was born on May 24, 1885, at Cheranelloor, near Ernakulam. Pandit Karuppan emerged as a relentless crusader against untouchability and social evils. He was called the "Lincoln" of Kerala for steering socio-economically and educationally backward communities to the forefront. As the first human rights activist of the Cochin State, he used his literary skill and organizational ability to combat illiteracy, social injustice, casteism and superstitions. He campaigned for the rights of lower-caste people, who at that time were not even permitted to enter Ernakulam.

  POIKAYIL YOHANNAN (KUMARA GURU) Poykayil Yohannan (Eraviperoor, 17 February 1878-1939), known as Poikayil Appachan to his followers, or Kumara Gurudevan. He was a Dalit activist, poet, Christian preacher and the founder of the socio-religious movement Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha ("God's Church of Visible Salvation"). He bought 125 acres of land in different parts of Travancore for the use of PRDS. The new organization was headquartered at Eraviperoor. Poikayil Yohannan set up schools and industrial training centers in different places in addition to constructing buildings for religious ceremonies and public functions. Poikayil Yohannan was also a member of the Dalit advocacy group Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham (SJPS) which has been founded in 1905 by another Dalit leader of Kerala, Ayyankali.  Yohannan was also twice nominated, in the years 1921 and 1931, to the Sree Moolam Praja Sabha, the legislative council of the princely state of Travancore.

  AYYA VAIKUNDAR Ayya Vaikundar (1809-1851), a great humanist and social thinker, lived in the Princely kingdom of Travancore in the early decades of the 19th Century. He is the first well known social reformer in India who critiqued the caste discrimination and religious hierarchy and fought against the practice of untouchability. His exhortation 'ONE CASTE, ONE RELIGION, ONE CLAN, ONE WORLD, ONE GOD' is world famous. He was against idol worship. He did not allow the portraitores to draw his figure. No evidence of any picture or any of his human figure are kept to prove his visual identity. His theory and practice like 'samathva samajam', 'sama panthi bhojan', 'thottu namam podunkal' were much enough to cultivate a thought of equality and unity in Indian minds.

  THYCAUD AYYA SWAMIKAL (1814-1909) The Great Vellala Yogi Sivarajayogi Ayya Swami Thiruvadikal was the Guru of Ayya Vaikundan, Sri Narayana Guru, Chattampi Swamikal and Ayyankali. He was the First and the Greatest social reformer of Kerala. Ayya Swamikal started "Panthbhojanam" (inte-dining) in Kerala during 19th century even before Mahatma Gandhi thought of it. He argued that any Yogi could install idols in temples, that inspired Sreenarayana Guru to install idols of Siva. "Oru Jathy, oru matham, Oru Daivom" is the Malayalam translation of Ayyaswamy's teaching. Sri Narayana Guru popularized the slogan. The original name of Ayya Swamikal was Subbarayan. He lived during the period of 1814-1909. Some of his works are Brahmothara Khandom, Ulloor amarntha Guhan, Ramayanam Bala khandom, Ente Kasi yathra, Pazhani Vybhavom etc....

  VAGBHATANANDA GURUDEVAR Vagbhatananda Gurudevar, was a disciple of Sree Narayana Guru He was born in a Thiyya family of North Malabar of a famous Kalari warrior and trainer, Kochu Gurukkal. After becoming the disciple of Sree Narayana Guru, guru asked him to concentrate on Malabar areas to remove social discriminations prevalent in the area and to work for the poor. He formed an organization Uralungal Koolivelakkarude Paraspara Sahayya Sangham to fight the caste barriers and unemployment plaguing the region. Unlike Narayana Guru, he disapproved of idol worship. The spiritual lectures he delivered across the length and breadth of Kerala gave him the title Vagbhatananda. He formed the Atma Vidya Sangham for the spiritual reformation of the people.

  BRAHMANANDA SWAMI SIVAYOGI Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi (August 26, 1852- September 10, 1929) was a sanyasi from Kerala. He founded the Ananda Maha Sabha and Anandamatham (religion of bliss) He denounced idol worship and religions. He propounded the theory that ananda(happiness or bliss) should be the touchstone of any human activity. Ananda Maha Sabha played an important role in the renaissance of Kerala Society. Sivayoga Rahasyam(1893), Sthri Vidya Poshini (1899), Sidhanubhuthi (1903), Mokshapradeepam (1905), Anandakalpadrumam (1905) etc... are some of his works.

  Advantages of Cyber Laws The IT Act 2000 attempts to change outdated laws and provides ways to deal with cyber crimes. The Act offers the much-needed legal framework so that information is not denied legal effect, validity or enforceability, solely on the ground that it is in the form of electronic records. The Act has also proposed a legal framework for the authentication and origin of electronic records/communication through digital signature. Companies shall now be able to carry out electronic commerce using the legal infrastructure provided by the Act. Digital signatures have been given legal validity and sanction in the Act. The Act throws open the doors for the entry of corporate companies in the business of being Certifying Authorities for issuing Digital Signatures Certificates. The Act now allows Government to issue notification on the web thus heralding e-governance. Under the IT Act, 2000, it shall now be possible for corporates to have a statutory remedy in case if an...

 Information Technology Act 2000 The primary source of cyber law in India is the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) which came into force on 17 October 2000.  The primary purpose of the Act is to provide legal recognition to electronic commerce and to facilitate filing of electronic records with the Government. The IT Act also penalizes various cyber crimes and provides strict punishments. An Executive Order dated 12 September 2002 contained instructions relating provisions of the Act with regard to protected systems and application for the issue of a Digital Signature Certificate. Minor errors in the Act were rectified by the Information Technology (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 2002 which was passed on 19 September 2002. The IT Act was amended by the Negotiable Instruments (Amendments and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002. This introduced the concept of electronic cheques and truncated cheques. Information Technology (Use of Electronic Records and Digital Signatur...

  Distributed DOS A distributed denial of service (DoS) attack is accomplished by using the Internet to break into computers and using them to attack a network.  There are three basic types of attack: Consumption of scarce, limited, or non-renewable resources like NW bandwith, RAM, CPU time. Even power, cool air, or water can affect. Destruction or Alteration of Configuration Information Physical Destruction or Alteration of Network Components Pornography The literal mining of the term 'Pornography' is 'describing or showing sexual acts in order to cause sexual excitement through books, films, etc...' This would include pornographic websites; pornographic material produced using computers and use of internet to download and transmit pornographic videos, pictures, photos, writings etc... Forgery Counterfeit currency notes, postage and revenue stamps, mark sheets etc... can be forged using sophisticated computers, printers and scanners. Also impersonate another person is ...

CYBER LAW OF INDIA Cyber Law is the law governing cyber space. Cyber space is a very wide term and includes computers, networks, software, data storage devices (such as hard disks, USB disks etc..) the Internet, websites, emails and even electronic devices such as cell phones, ATM machines etc... Cyber law encompasses laws relating to : Cyber crimes Electronic and Digital Signatures Intellectual Property Data Protection and Privacy Cyber Crimes Cyber crimes are unlawful acts where the computer is used either as a tool or a target or both. The enormous growth in electronic commerce (e-commerce) and online share trading has led to a phenomenal spurt in incidents of cyber crime. Cyber crimes can involve criminal activities that are traditional in nature, such as theft, fraud, forgery, defamation and mischief, all of which are subject to the Indian Penal code. The Computer as a Target : using a computer to attack other computers.  Ex: Hacking, Virus/Worm attacks, DOS attack etc.... The...